Population (2021 est.): 3,824,782 (Note: all data dealing with population are subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by armed conflict and ethnic cleansing from 1992-95. The most recent census was conducted in 1991.)

Population growth rate (2004 est.): 0.45%.

Ethnic groups: Bosniak 48.3%, Serb 34.0%, Croat 15.4%, others 2.3%. (Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2002--Bosnia-Herzegovina)

Religions: Muslim (40%); Orthodox (31%); Catholic (15%); Protestant (4%); other (10%).

Languages: Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian (formerly "Serbo-Croatian").